The invention discloses an efficient incineration system for crop straw. The efficient incineration system for the crop straw comprises an efficient incinerator and a hot water boiler used for heating water through heat generated during incineration of the crop straw. The downstream part of the hot water boiler is sequentially provided with a quench tower, a deacidification tower, a cloth bag filter and an alkali liquor washing pool, wherein the quench tower is used for cooling tail gas of the hot water boiler, the deacidification tower is used for conducting dehumidification and deacidification on the tail gas of the quench tower, the cloth bag filter is used for conducting dust filtering on the tail gas of the deacidification tower, and the alkali liquor washing pool is used for conducting deacidification gas washing on the tail gas filtered by the cloth bag filter again. A cooling water sprayer used for spraying cooling water to the tail gas of the hot water boiler is arranged on the top of an inner cavity of the quench tower. A powder sprayer used for spraying lime powder to the tail gas of the quench tower is arranged at the upper portion of the deacidification tower. By means of the efficient incineration system, dust collection equipment can be protected, so that the service life of the dust collection equipment is prolonged, and the dust removing performance is improved; and acid components in treatment gas generated during crop straw incineration can be fully removed.