The invention belongs to the field of material preparation and provides a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis device. The self-propagating high-temperature synthesis device is mainly composed of a reaction chamber, a voltage regulator, a vacuum pump, an inert gas storage cylinder and a graphite boat arranged in the reaction chamber. The invention also provides a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method applying the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis device and used for TiB2 powder, TiC powder, TiB2-Al2O3 composite ceramic powder and B4C powder. The self-propagating high-temperature synthesis device has the advantages of being simple in structure, high in production efficiency and stable in structure. The self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method is simple in step, simple in operation and high in production efficiency. A variety of physical and chemical properties of the obtained TiB2 powder, TiC powder, TiB2-Al2O3 composite ceramic powder and B4C powder are excellent and are remarkably superior to other similar products.