The invention discloses a microwave-assisted synthesis method of macromolecular polydentate ligand CdTe quantum dots. The method comprises the steps of synthesizing sulfydryl modified polyacrylic acid molecule, and preparing the CdTe quantum dots through microwave-assisted heating in water phase by taking the macromolecule as a ligand. In the method, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is used as a condensation agent, sulfydryl amine is connected on the side chain of polyacrylic acid in N, N'-dimethyl formamide; sulfhydrylated polyacrylic acid and a cadmium salt or cadmium oxide are mixed in water, thus, a cadmium source solution of macromolecular polydentate ligand is obtained; potassium hydrogen telluride or sodium hydrogen telluride solution is injected into the cadmium source so as to prepare a CdTe precursor solution; the CdTe quantum dots with various emission wavelengths are prepared by means of microwave-assisted heating. The CdTe quantum dots prepared by the invention have uniform grain size, good dispersity, high fluorescence quantum yield and good biocompatibility, and can be stored steadily for long time. The CdTe quantum dots are suitable for organism internal labeling and imaging, which have high requirements on stability and biocompatibility.