A system for authentication of paper sheet and other articles includes an optical sensor configured to generate an image of a first side of an article and a processor operatively connected to the optical sensor. The processor is configured to generate an image of the article with the optical sensor, the image including features that are illuminated by an external illumination source through the article, and generate an output indicating if the article is authentic in response to the features corresponding to a predetermined plurality of features that are generated from another image of the article corresponding to features in the generated image and in response to a cryptographic signature corresponding to feature data that are extracted from the other image corresponding to a valid cryptographic signature of a predetermined party.