An optical signal recognition method comprises: initializing a recognition apparatus; acquiring optical source voltage values in an acquisition channel to obtain a group of optical source voltage values; comparing the group of optical source voltage values with a comparison threshold, and converting the group of optical source voltage values into optical data; when the optical data is different from optical data obtained in a previous conversion, continuing to acquire optical source voltage values in the acquisition channel, converting a group of optical source voltage values into optical data, and sequentially storing the optical data in a conversion array; when a preset quantity of optical data in the conversion array is different, deleting optical data stored earliest in the conversion array, continuing to acquire optical data and sequentially storing the optical data in the conversion array; and when all optical data in the conversion array is the same, setting frame data as optical data in the conversion array, and returning the frame data. In the present invention, a synchronization signal is canceled, thereby improving the transmission quality and the transmission speed.