A novel soybean variety, designated XBP05006R is provided. Also provided are the seeds of soybean variety XBP05006R, cells from soybean variety XBP05006R, plants of soybean XBP05006R, and plant parts of soybean variety XBP05006R. Methods provided include producing a soybean plant by crossing soybean variety XBP05006R with another soybean plant, methods for introgressing a transgenic trait, a mutant trait, and/or a native trait into soybean variety XBP05006R, methods for producing other soybean varieties or plant parts derived from soybean variety XBP05006R, and methods of characterizing soybean variety XBP05006R. Soybean seed, cells, plants, germplasm, breeding lines, varieties, and plant parts produced by these methods and/or derived from soybean variety XBP05006R are further provided.