An image forming apparatus includes movable first and second image bearing members, latent image forming units that form electrostatic latent images and latent index patterns, a movable belt member contacting the image bearing members, toner image transfer members that transfer toner images, obtained by depositing toner on the latent images, onto the belt member, latent pattern detectors that detect the latent index patterns, an adjusting portion that adjusts relative positions between the latent index patterns on the basis of detection results of the detectors, and a setting portion that sets a latent pattern transfer voltage, during image formation, on the basis of a detection result of one of the latent pattern detectors on condition that a plurality of test voltages are applied to one of the latent pattern transfer member during non-image formation.