A method for evaluating an underground reservoir production scheme accounting for uncertainties is disclosed having applications, for example, to the development of petroleum reservoirs. Flow simulator input parameters characterizing the reservoir and the production scheme are selected. An approximate analytical model allowing the reservoir responses to be predicted is constructed. A desired degree of accuracy Dp is defined, this degree of accuracy Dp measuring the difference between the responses of the model and those of the simulator. The degree of accuracy Dp(M) of the predictions of the model is calculated. Simulations are selected which are performed, pertinent for adjustment of the model. The simulations are carried out for each response simulated by the simulator and the analytical model is adjusted by means of an approximation method. This operation is repeated until the desired degree of accuracy Dp is reached and the production scheme is evaluated by analyzing the reservoir responses predicted by the approximate analytical model.