A microprocessor that performs adaptive power throttling includes a calculation unit that calculates an average power consumed by the microprocessor over a most recent predetermined sample time and determines whether the average power is less than a predetermined maximum power value. A power management unit controls the microprocessor to conditionally operate at a predetermined frequency if the average power is less than the predetermined maximum power value. The predetermined frequency is a frequency at which the microprocessor may consume more than the predetermined maximum power value. The predetermined maximum power value and sample time are specified to achieve power and/or thermal design goals of a system in which the microprocessor operates. The predetermined maximum power and/or sample time values are programmable by system software. To maintain a running average power value, a counter is incremented, both in sleeping and running states, by different increments depending upon the current performance point.