The present disclosure discloses a method and device for optimizing an object-class model based on a neural network. The method includes: establishing the object-class model based on the neural network, training the object-class model, and realizing classification of target images by using the object-class model that has been trained; and when a new target image is generated, and the new target image is an image corresponding to a new condition of a target and is capable of still being classified into an original classification system, judging a result of identification of the object-class model to the new target image, and if the object-class model is not capable of correctly classifying the new target image, according to the new target image, selecting some of parameters, adjusting the some of parameters, and training to obtain an object-class model that is capable of correctly classifying the new target image.