A first wavelength conversion element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a phosphor layer; a refrigerant; a refrigerant transport member; and a housing. The phosphor layer includes a plurality of phosphor particles. The phosphor layer has a gap therein. The refrigerant cools the phosphor layer. The refrigerant transport member is provided in contact with the phosphor layer. The refrigerant transport member circulates the refrigerant. The housing encapsulates the phosphor layer, the refrigerant, and the refrigerant transport member. The housing includes a protective layer on at least a portion of an inner wall.