Aiming at a hardness mismatch phenomenon in the existing structure hardness design process according to an integral intensity viewpoint, the invention provides a quantitative matching design method for structure heat treatment-hardness distribution. The specific method comprises determining an ideal static intensity field distribution of the dangerous section of the structure according to a limit static stress distribution of a dangerous section of the structure; determining an ideal hardness distribution of the dangerous section of the structure by utilizing an intensity-hardness conversion relation; determining heat treatment requirements such as surface hardness, core hardness and the like by combining material and heat treatment mode; determining an actual hardness distribution of the dangerous section of the structure according to a material end quenching curve and the heat treatment requirement.