An apparatus in one embodiment comprises at least one processing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory. The processing device is configured to detect an error relating to storage of a given data page in a first storage system, and to send a message to at least one additional storage system, the message containing a hash handle of the given data page with the hash handle having a length that is shorter than that of a corresponding hash digest of the given data page. The processing device is further configured to receive from the additional storage system responsive to the message a recovery data page identified by the additional storage system as having the same hash handle as the given data page. Separate instances of the message containing the hash handle of the given data page may be sent to each of a plurality of additional storage systems.