A method in one embodiment comprises extracting features from each of a plurality of software investigation log sets, generating representations for respective ones of the software investigation log sets based at least in part on the corresponding extracted features, and storing the representations in a knowledge base. In conjunction with obtaining at least one additional software investigation log set, the method generates a representation of the additional software investigation log set, identifies one or more of the representations previously stored in the knowledge base that exhibit at least a specified similarity to the representation of the additional software investigation log set in accordance with one or more statistical models, and presents information characterizing the one or more software investigation log sets corresponding to respective ones of the identified one or more representations in a user interface. The method is illustratively implemented in a machine learning system of a processing platform.