The present disclosure relates, in general, to combination therapy using an inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and an inhibitor of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) for treating cancer or preventing recurrence of cancer diseases such as lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, stomach cancer, fibrotic cancer, glioma and melanoma, and metastases thereof.