Recording a replay-able trace of execution of a multi-threaded process includes identifying a trace memory model that defines one or more orderable events that are to be ordered across a plurality of threads of the multi-threaded process. The plurality of threads are executed concurrently across one or more processing units of one or more processors. During execution of the plurality of threads, a separate replay-able trace is recorded for each thread independently. Recording includes, for each thread, recording initial state for the thread, recording at least one memory read performed by at least one processor instruction executed by the thread that takes memory as input, and recording a least one orderable event performed by the thread with a monotonically increasing number that orders the event among other orderable events across the plurality of threads.