The invention discloses a treatment method of lead bullion refining alkaline residue. The method comprises the steps that tin-and-lead containing alkaline residue (lead bullion refining alkaline residue) is crushed and ground, obtained ore powder and sodium hydroxide are mixed and subjected to size mixing, normal-pressure leaching is carried out, liquid-solid separation is carried out, and tin-containing leaching liquid and lead-containing leaching residue are obtained; the tin-containing leaching liquid is causticized through calcium oxide, and calcium stannate sediment and causticized liquidare obtained; and the obtained calcium stannate and a carbon reducing agent are subjected to reducing smelting, and crude tin and calcium oxide are obtained. By means of the method, the rate of recycling tin from tin-and-lead containing alkaline residue reaches up to 94% or above, the crude tin purity can reach 99.5% or above, the waste residue and waste liquid discharge amount is small, environmental protection is facilitated, the consumption of leaching agent and causticizing agent is low, and the recycling cost of tin and other metal can be reduced.