The invention discloses an expansion jacking or pushing device. The expansion jacking or pushing device comprises a hydraulic cylinder (2), a stop valve (6), an electromagnetic relief valve (7) and anoil tank (8) which are sequentially connected through oil pipes (9). The electromagnetic relief valve (7) is further electrically connected with a displacement sensor (1) arranged at one side of thehydraulic cylinder (2). A piston (4) of the hydraulic cylinder (2) is provided with a rubber jacket (3), and a watered expanding agent is contained in the rubber jacket (3). The expansion jacking or pushing device is simple and reliable in structure, the field operational method is simple and practicable, the construction period is shortened obviously, and construction cost is reduced remarkably.Heat insulation measures can be taken in a low-temperature environment to accelerate the construction progress.