A display apparatus includes a first substrate in which a plurality of pixel areas and a non-pixel area around the pixel areas are defined, a cavity-defining layer disposed on the first substrate anddefining a plurality of cavities corresponding to the pixel areas, an insulating layer disposed on the cavity-defining layer and in the cavities, a liquid crystal layer disposed on the insulating layer in the cavities, and a second substrate disposed on the insulating layer to cover the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer has a same refractive index as the cavity-defining layer when theliquid crystal layer is not driven. The liquid crystal layer has a greater refractive index than the cavity-defining layer when the liquid crystal layer is driven.