The invention relates to an optical fiber sensor-based strain measurement method in a high-temperature environment and belongs to the technical field of test. The method comprises the following steps of 1, conducting the strain measurement in a working environment; 2, recurring strain measurement data in an analog environment; 3, acquiring a strain value. According to the technical scheme of the invention, the in-situ calibration of the strain measurement is indirectly realized, so that the traceability of strain measurement data in the high-temperature environment is realized. Meanwhile, the sensor-based calibration of parameters (such as sensitive coefficient, heat output and the like) in the high-temperature environment is not required, and the parameters can be directly applied to experiments and tests. Therefore, the introduction of errors during the calibration process is avoided. Meanwhile, the test environment, the state of a tested piece and the sensor installation can be recurred. An implicit error source during the measuring process is cancelled. The accuracy of the strain measurement in the high-temperature environment is obviously improved.