The invention relates to a dielectric sheet-based filter antenna and a microwave communication system. The antenna comprises a first dielectric substrate, a second dielectric substrate, a circular first dielectric sheet, a circular supporting dielectric and a circular second dielectric sheet which are stacked sequentially from bottom to top; a metal grounding layer is arranged between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate; the lower surface of the first dielectric substrate is provided with a feed structure; the feed structure is a microstrip feeder loaded with an open-circuit branch; a coupling window is formed in the metal grounding layer; through holes passing through the first dielectric substrate, the metal grounding layer, the second dielectric substrate, the first dielectric sheet, the supporting dielectric and the second dielectric sheet are formed in the antenna; and the through holes are used for assembling and fixing the antenna. With the dielectric sheet-based filter antenna and the microwave communication system of the invention adopted, on the one hand, the problem of antenna gain reduction due to a nonradiative resonator can be solved, and on the other hand, the dielectric sheet-based filter antenna has higher efficiency compared with a metal patch design, and therefore, technical gaps in filter antennas realized based on dielectric sheets are filled.