The invention discloses a test device of shaft sleeve friction and abrasion performance under different conditions. The test device comprises a work table positioned on a base, wherein the surface of the work table is connected with a sealing cover a; the bottom surface of the work table is connected with a sealing cover b; a power device is arranged in the sealing cover b; a guide rail, a clamp device, a tension compression sensor, an electromagnetic loading device and a vibration exciter which are sequentially connected are arranged in the sealing cover a; the sealing cover a is also connected with an air pressure device. The shaft sleeve friction abrasion test can be performed under the three kinds of environments of air, vacuum or nitrogen; the test environments are various; the static load friction and abrasion tests under the condition of various gaps, and the dynamic load friction and abrasion tests under the condition of big gaps can be performed; the work condition is more similar to the practical work condition; synchronous belt transmission is used; high transmission efficiency is realized; in addition, the main shaft torque can be increased; the motor damage due to too great friction can be prevented; a sealing structure of the sealing cover a and the work table is simple; the dismounting of the sealing cover a is convenient; good practical values are realized.