The invention discloses an opening and closing device for a coal charging and dust collection smoke collection port of tamping coke in the field of coke oven machinery. The opening and closing device comprises a gate valve arranged at the smoke collection port and a push-pull device arranged on a coke pushing trolley, wherein the gate valve consists of a valve body and a plugboard which is connected with the valve body in a sliding manner; a downward hook is arranged on one end, far away from the valve body, of the plugboard; the push-pull device comprises a guiderail and a bogie capable of moving forwards and backwards on the guiderail; a liftable bogie hook head is arranged on the front end of the bogie; and a gate valve stop block is arranged above the bogie and at the position where the height is similar to that of the plugboard. The opening and closing device has the beneficial effects that the gate valve is arranged at the smoke collection port, the push-pull device is arranged on the coke pushing trolley, and the movement of the plugboard is driven by utilizing the push-pull device so as to control the opening and closing of the smoke collection port, so that the accurate alignment of coal charging and dust collection at the position of the smoke collection port of a coke oven can be rapidly realized, and further the coal charging and dust collection effects can be improved, and the environment pollution can be reduced.