The invention provides a microwave pyrolysis biomass real-time panoramic temperature monitoring, regulation and control system and method. The system includes a microwave pyrolysis device, a microwave attenuation channel and a temperature measurement and temperature control device; a pyrolysis region is arranged in the microwave pyrolysis device; one end of the microwave attenuation channel is located in the microwave pyrolysis device, and the other end of the microwave attenuation channel extends out from one side of the microwave pyrolysis device; the temperature measurement and temperature control device includes a temperature measurement instrument and a temperature control instrument; the temperature measurement instrument is located near one end of the microwave attenuation channel which is far from the microwave pyrolysis device; the temperature control instrument is communicated with the temperature measurement instrument and the microwave pyrolysis device; and the center of the temperature measurement instrument, the center of the microwave attenuation channel and the center of the pyrolysis region are located on the same level line. The system of the invention has the advantages of reasonable design, high microwave utilization rate, convenient operation, high safety and high reliability. According to the system, microwave excitation power can be timely adjusted, so that the pyrolysis region is made to be located in a more stable pyrolysis temperature interval, and therefore, local hot spots and temperature runaway can be prevented, and product distribution can be effectively optimized.