The invention provides a hydraulic control system of an anti-clamping drill rod of a rock drilling machine. The hydraulic control system comprises an LS (Load Sensor) control variable pump, a rock drilling impact valve block, a propelling control valve set, a propelling pressure regulating valve block, an anti-clamping drill rod valve block and a pilot handle control valve set. When a rotary pressure of the rock drilling machine is raised, the hydraulic control system has the functions that the pressure of a propelling oil cylinder of the rock drilling machine is automatically reduced, the propelling is stopped and the rock drilling machine is automatically returned to the outside, and the impact is automatically stopped when the rock drilling machine is returned; compared with the prior art, a control function is the most complete. The control system adopts an LS control function of the variable pump and has the characteristics of good automatic control performance, strong commonality of hydraulic elements, energy saving and high efficiency.