The invention relates to a bridge rapid construction method and structure. The structure comprises prefabricated bridge piers, bridge masts and a bent cap. First holes/grooves are formed in the lower ends of the bridge masts, and second holes/grooves are formed in the lower portion of the bent cap. The bridge piers are vertically driven underground, the bridge masts are vertically lifted, and the first holes/grooves in the lower ends of the bridge masts are connected to the upper portions of the bridge piers in a sleeved mode to be fixed. The bent cap is lifted, so that the second holes/grooves in the lower portion of the bent cap are connected to the upper portions of the bridge masts in a sleeved mode to be fixed. A cross beam is mounted on the upper portion of the bent cap to be fixed. According to the bridge rapid construction method and structure, the prefabricated bridge piers, the bridge masts and the bent cap are mounted on the scene in a sleeved connection mode, the structure is simple, mounting is convenient, the construction period is short, and the influence on an existing road is small.