The invention provides a chemical oxidation wastewater treatment system utilizing solar heating. The system comprises a first reaction tank, a second reaction tank, a third reaction tank, a heat exchanger and a solar thermal collector, wherein the first reaction tank is connected with the heat exchanger which is connected with the second reaction tank and the third reaction tank; the solar thermal collector is connected with the second reaction tank; the first reaction tank is connected with a dosing metering system I with a high stable characteristic; the second reaction tank is connected with a dosing metering system II with a high reaction efficiency characteristic; and the third reaction tank is connected with a dosing metering system III with a low residual characteristic. The invention further provides a treatment method of the system. With the adoption of the chemical oxidation wastewater treatment system utilizing solar heating and the treatment method of the system, degradation of nonbiodegradable organic pollutants can be promoted, the wastewater treatment efficiency is improved, and a multiple advanced oxidation treatment process which has high efficiency, small residue, short time, low energy consumption and no secondary pollution is realized.