The invention relates to an aldol condensation catalyst, and a preparation method and application thereof. The carrier of the catalyst can be oxides of Si, Al or Mg and carbonate of Ca, as well as composites of oxides of Ca, and the active ingredient of the catalyst can be Ce or Cs or the mixture of Ce and Cs; when as the active ingredient, Ce has the weight percentage of 1.5-5.0% relative to the mass of the carrier; when as the active integrate, Cs has the weight percentage of 0.3-5.0% relative to the mass of the carrier; or when as the active integrate, the mixture of Ce and Cs has the total weight percentage of 1.0-0.5 relative to the has the mass of the carrier, wherein the mass ration of Ce to Cs is 1:0.3-3. Both the carrier and the catalyst are prepared through a coprecipitation method. After being reduced, the catalyst participates in aldol condensation reaction at the temperature of 150-350 DEG C, the pressure of 0.2-2.0 MPa and the aldehyde and ketone air speed of 0.1-2.5 h<-1> in a nitrogen inert atmosphere. The catalyst provided by the invention has the advantages of high activity, high strength, high selectivity and the like.